1.1 Explain the importance of threat data and intelligence.
Intelligence sources
- Open-source intelligence
- Proprietary/closed-source intelligence
- Timeliness
- Relevancy
- Accuracy
Indicator management
- Structured Threat Information eXpression (STIX)
- Trusted Automated eXchange of Indicator Information (TAXII)
- OpenIoC
Threat classification
- Known threat vs. unknown threat
- Zero-day
- Advanced persistent threat
Threat actors
- Nation-state
- Hacktivist
- Organised crime
- Insider threat
- Intentional
- Unintentional
Intelligence cycle
- Requirements
- Collection
- Analysis
- Dissemination
- Feedback
Commodity malware
Information sharing and analysis communities
- Healthcare
- Financial
- Aviation
- Government
- Critical infrastructure
1.2 Given a scenario, utilise threat intelligence to support organisational security.
Attack frameworks
- MITRE ATT&CK
- The Diamond Model of Intrusion Analysis
- Kill chain
Threat research
- Reputational
- Behavioural
- Indicator of compromise (IoC)
- Standard vulnerability scoring system (CVSS)
Threat modelling methodologies
- Adversary capability
- Total attack surface
- Attack vector
- Impact
- Likelihood
Threat intelligence sharing with supported functions
- Incident response
- Vulnerability management
- Risk management
- Security engineering
- Detection and monitoring
1.3 Given a scenario, perform vulnerability management activities.
Vulnerability identification
- Asset criticality
- Active vs. passive scanning
- Mapping/enumeration
Validation
- True positive
- False positive - True negative
- False-negative
Remediation/mitigation
- Configuration baseline
- Patching
- Hardening
- Compensating controls
- Risk acceptance
- Verification of mitigation
Scanning parameters and criteria
- Risks associated with scanning activities
- Vulnerability feed
- Scope
- Credentialed vs. non-credentialed
- Server-based vs. agent-based
- Internal vs. external
- Special considerations
- Types of data
- Technical constraints
- Workflow
- Sensitivity levels
- Regulatory requirements
- Segmentation
- Intrusion prevention system (IPS), intrusion detection system (IDS), and firewall settings
Inhibitors to remediation
- Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
- Service-level agreement (SLA)
- Organisational governance
- Business process interruption
- Degrading functionality
- Legacy systems
1.4 Given a scenario, analyse the output from standard vulnerability assessment tools.
Web application scanner
- OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP)
- Burp suite
- Nikto
- Arachni
Infrastructure vulnerability scanner
Software assessment tools and techniques
- Static analysis
- Dynamic analysis
- Reverse engineering
- Fuzzing
Enumeration
- Nmap
- hoping
- Active vs. passive
- Responder
Wireless assessment tools
- Aircrack-ng
- Reaver
- oclHashcat
Cloud Infrastructure assessment tools
1.5 Explain the threats and vulnerabilities associated with specialised technology.
Mobile
Internet of Things (IoT)
Embedded
Real-time operating system (RTOS)
System-on-Chip (SoC)
Field programmable gate array (FPGA)
Physical access control
Building automation systems
Vehicles and drones
Workflow and process automation systems
Industrial control system
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
1.6 Explain the threats and vulnerabilities associated with operating in the cloud.
Cloud service models
- Software as a Service (SaaS)
- Platform as a Service (PaaS)
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Cloud deployment models
- Public
- Private
- Community
- Hybrid
Function as a Service (FaaS)/ serverless architecture
Infrastructure as code (IaC)
Insecure application programming interface (API)
Improper key management
Unprotected storage
Logging and monitoring
- Insufficient logging and monitoring
- Inability to access
1.7 Given a scenario, implement controls to mitigate attacks and software vulnerabilities.
Attack types
- Extensible markup language (XML) attack
- Structured query language (SQL) injection
- Overflow attack
- Remote code execution
- Directory traversal
- Privilege escalation
- Password spraying
- Credential stuffing
- Impersonation
- Man-in-the-middle attack
- Session hijacking
- Rootkit
- Cross-site scripting
- Reflected
- Persistent
- Document object model (DOM)
Vulnerabilities
- Improper error handling
- Dereferencing
- Insecure object reference
- Race condition
- Broken authentication
- Sensitive data exposure
- Insecure components - Insufficient logging and monitoring - Weak or default configurations - Use of insecure functions - strcpy
